{"id":42,"date":"2021-12-21T07:28:25","date_gmt":"2021-12-21T07:28:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tf01.themeruby.com\/software\/?p=32"},"modified":"2023-03-28T06:52:56","modified_gmt":"2023-03-28T06:52:56","slug":"gecmisten-gunumuze-kooperatifcilik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/2021\/12\/21\/gecmisten-gunumuze-kooperatifcilik\/","title":{"rendered":"GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eTEN G\u00dcN\u00dcM\u00dcZE KOOPERAT\u0130F\u00c7\u0130L\u0130K"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0130nsano\u011flu yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 gere\u011fi sosyal bir varl\u0131k. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n kendi ba\u015f\u0131na hayat\u0131n\u0131 idame etmesi, t\u00fcm ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131, neslini devam ettirmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bir gruba dahil olmak, anlamak-anla\u015f\u0131lmak, \u00f6\u011frenmek-geli\u015fmek gibi isteklerinin de temel ihtiya\u00e7lardan oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte.<br>Tarihte ilk insanlardan itibaren birlikte ya\u015fama, bir toplum olu\u015fturma e\u011filimi vard\u0131r. Bu birlikte ya\u015fama d\u00fczenini kurarken,\u00a0 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin de\u00a0 temelleri olan \u00a0yard\u0131mla\u015fma, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131kda bulunma gibi ilkelerle imece usul\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu imece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 asl\u0131nda kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Resim2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-239\" width=\"764\" height=\"441\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Mesela tarihin \u015fu anda bilinen en eski kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olan G\u00f6beklitepe\u2019ye bak\u0131nca bundan 12 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan bu tap\u0131naklar\u0131n nas\u0131l bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile\u00a0 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 merak etmemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi hakk\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok \u015feyi sorgulatmaya ba\u015flayan G\u00f6beklitepe, \u00fclkemizde 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar sonucunda \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. 12 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip G\u00f6beklitepe 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Listesi&#8217;ne girdi ve T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de de\u2019\u2019 2019 G\u00f6beklitepe Y\u0131l\u0131\u201d ilan edildi. \u015eanl\u0131urfa&#8217;n\u0131n 20 kilometre kuzeydo\u011fusundaki \u00d6rencik k\u00f6y\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yer alan G\u00f6beklitepe tarihin bilinen ilk ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131. 20 adet oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen tap\u0131naklardan hen\u00fcz 6 tanesi g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. G\u00f6beklitepe\u2019deki\u00a0 bulgular\u00a0 avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fi, inan\u00e7 tarihi ve sanat tarihi konular\u0131na yeni bilgiler ve bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f durumda. Burada de\u011finilen husus ise M.\u00d6. 10.000 lerde yani g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 12 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce b\u00f6yle bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in toplumsal bir i\u015fbirli\u011fine girmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 ve ortak inan\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in dev mabetler yapm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131. Ortak ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fbirli\u011fi, yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve fedakarl\u0131kda bulunma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fe olduk\u00e7a paralel izler ta\u015f\u0131yor.<br>Daha yak\u0131n tarihlere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir unsuru olan imece yine kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin temellerini olu\u015fturuyor. 13. Y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde ise Sel\u00e7uklu d\u00f6neminde kurulan ve esnaf dayan\u0131\u015fma birlikleri olan Ahi Birlikleri, Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n sanat, ticaret gibi mesleklerde yeti\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan; hem ahlaki hem ekonomik olarak ayakta kal\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00e7aba g\u00f6steren yap\u0131lar olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. . Bu te\u015fkilat, ki\u015filere hem mesle\u011fin inceliklerini \u00f6\u011freterek bir meslek sahibi olmas\u0131n\u0131 hem de toplum hayat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallar\u0131 benimseterek onurlu, ahl\u00e2kl\u0131 ve erdemli ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern anlamda kooperatif\u00e7ilik,&nbsp; ilk olarak 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rochdale\u2019de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rochdale \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de bir kasabad\u0131r . \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin kuzeyindeki kasabada bulunan pamuk fabrikas\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7iler olduk\u00e7a k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullarda ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. 28 ki\u015filik bir i\u015f\u00e7i grubu 4 ay boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak 1 sterlin biriktirdi ve 28 sterlinle Rochdale Sermaye \u00d6nc\u00fcleri Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nu kurdu. \u0130lk zamanlarda ama\u00e7lar\u0131 sadece y\u00fcksek fiyatl\u0131 temel besin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini&nbsp; daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla temin etmekti. Bu ama\u00e7la, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 bir havuzda toplamaya ve beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya karar vermi\u015flerdi. Sermayelerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile bir d\u00fckkan tuttular. Her biri s\u0131ra ile haftada iki ak\u015fam a\u00e7\u0131k olan d\u00fckk\u00e2nda tezgahtarl\u0131k yap\u0131yordu. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yaln\u0131zca sabun, un, \u015feker ve tereya\u011f\u0131 satan bu kooperatifin i\u015fleri b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri de uzad\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi artt\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa zamanda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin pek \u00e7ok noktas\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce kooperatif kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Resim3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-241\" width=\"636\" height=\"227\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Rochdale Sermaye \u00d6nc\u00fcleri Toplulu\u011fu<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Rochdale giri\u015fiminin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebeplerinden birisi i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ger\u00e7ekten ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 bir zorluk i\u00e7in bir araya gelmeleri ve birlikteliklerinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve ilkelerini \u00e7ok iyi belirleyebilmeleriydi. O d\u00f6nemde Rochdale Sermaye \u00d6nc\u00fcleri\u2019nin belirledi\u011fi ilkeler hala ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin de temellerini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<br>Kooperatifler ayr\u0131ca on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Kuzey Amerika, Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve Japonya&#8217;da geli\u015fti ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 Kooperatif \u0130ttifak\u0131 (ICA), 1895&#8217;te Londra&#8217;daki ilk ICA Kooperatif Kongresi&#8217;nde kuruldu.\u00a0Delegeler Arjantin, Avustralya, Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130ngiltere, Danimarka, Fransa, Almanya, Hollanda, Hindistan, \u0130talya, \u0130svi\u00e7re, S\u0131rbistan ve ABD&#8217;den kooperatifleri temsil etti.\u00a0<br>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise Ahi Birlikleri 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda loncalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda da \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6nemine girmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin do\u011fu\u015fu da bu loncalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6nemine rastlamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131lan, 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cMemleket Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 verilen ilk tar\u0131m kredi organizasyonu, Mithat Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan Pirot kasabas\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. 1863-1883 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda uygulanan Memleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131, zamanla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ama\u00e7lar\u0131 yerine getiremez olmu\u015ftur.<br>1888 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan ve 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda kooperatif\u00e7ilik hareketinin yeniden canlanmas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre, kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fimizin duraklama d\u00f6nemidir. 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011finin \u00f6nemli \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri olan Ahmet Cevat Emre taraf\u0131ndan kooperatif\u00e7ilik alan\u0131nda \u00fclkemizdeki ilk kitap yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ktisatta \u0130nk\u0131lap: \u0130stihlak Teav\u00fcn \u015eirketleri (Ekonomide Devrim: T\u00fcketim Kooperatif Ortakl\u0131klar\u0131) adl\u0131 bu kitab\u0131n sonuna, altm\u0131\u015f maddelik t\u00fcketim kooperatifleri ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi konulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0<br>Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nderli\u011finde kooperatif\u00e7ilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 17 \u015eubat \u2013 4 Mart 1923 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, yeni T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ekonomik durumunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere, \u0130zmir\u2019de ilk \u0130ktisat Kongresi toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplanan bu kongrede ele al\u0131nan \u00f6nemli konulardan biri de kooperatif\u00e7iliktir. Hen\u00fcz cumhuriyet dahi ilan edilmemi\u015fken kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131, kooperatif kurulmas\u0131 ve kurulacak kooperatiflere \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ortak edilmesi kooperatif\u00e7ilik hareketi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tarihi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin toplanmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, 19 Mart 1923 tarihinde, o zaman\u0131n Bas\u0131n Yay\u0131n Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan, \u201cKooperatif \u015eirketler\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kitap yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn onay\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan ve alt\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan bu kitapta, kooperatif\u00e7ilikle ilgili k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z teknik bilgiler ile birtak\u0131m \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra da, kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gereken yasal d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmaya&nbsp; ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, kooperatifler ilk kez bir kanunda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131yla ilk yap\u0131 kooperatifi de bu d\u00f6nemde kurulmu\u015ftur. 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da kurulan ve ilk ortaklar\u0131n\u0131 evi olmayan devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Bah\u00e7elievler Konut Yap\u0131 Kooperatifi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bah\u00e7elievler semtinin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<br>Yeni yasal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla birlikte h\u0131zla tar\u0131m sat\u0131\u015f kooperatifleri birlikleri kurulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. &nbsp;\u0130zmir \u0130ncir Tar\u0131m Sat\u0131\u015f Kooperatifleri Birli\u011fi, Giresun F\u0131nd\u0131k Tar\u0131m Sat\u0131\u015f Kooperatifleri Birli\u011fi&nbsp; ilk \u00f6rneklerdendir. 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ordu, Giresun, Bulancak, Ke\u015fap ve Trabzon Kooperatifleri kurulmu\u015f, bu be\u015f kooperatif de, k\u0131sa ad\u0131 Fiskobirlik olan F\u0131nd\u0131k Tar\u0131m Sat\u0131\u015f Kooperatifleri Birli\u011fi\u2019ni kurmu\u015ftur.<br>Bu d\u00fczenlemelerden ve kaydedilen ilerlemelerden Atat\u00fcrk son derece memnun kalm\u0131\u015f, kendisi de bir tar\u0131m kredi kooperatifi kurarak \u00e7ift\u00e7iye yol g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Atat\u00fcrk, hem kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fe olan inanc\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f, hem de \u00e7ift\u00e7iye bu konuda \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmu\u015ftur. Kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fe inan\u0131p sahip \u00e7\u0131kan Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn vefat\u0131 ve arkas\u0131ndan II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu d\u00f6nemlerde kooperatif\u00e7ilik hareketleri durgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>1961 Anayasas\u0131na kadar, kooperatif\u00e7ilik hi\u00e7 bir anayasada ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir. 1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 51. maddesinde, \u201cDevlet, kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacak tedbirleri al\u0131r.\u201d ifadesiyle ilk defa kooperatif\u00e7ilikten bahsedilmi\u015ftir.&nbsp; Bu anayasam\u0131zda kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fe yer verilmesi, daha sonraki geli\u015fmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar K\u00f6y Kalk\u0131nma Kooperatiflerinin kurulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r. 70\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren Toprak ve Tar\u0131m Reformu Kooperatifleri, Motorlu Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar kooperatifi, Ecza Kooperatifleri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli kooperatifler faaliyete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<br>Kooperatiflerin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir kanuna ihtiya\u00e7 duymalar\u0131 ve devletin bu i\u015fletmelere verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemin bir sonucu olarak 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cKooperatifler Kanunu\u201d hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Kooperatifler Kanunu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle; t\u00fcketim kooperatifleri, kredi ve kefalet kooperatifleri, tar\u0131msal ama\u00e7l\u0131 kooperatifler ve konut kooperatifleri say\u0131sal olarak art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<br>80\u2019li y\u0131llarda yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ve kredi imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 konut kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011finin d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Konut kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle uzun y\u0131llar bitirilemeyen konutlar nedeniyle t\u00fcm kooperatif\u00e7ilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerinde olumsuz bir alg\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br>Bug\u00fcn toplumsal hayatta ya\u015fanan sorunlar, ihtiya\u00e7lar daha kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Kooperatifler bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha toplumsal duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ileti\u015fimi y\u00fcksek, vizyonu ve misyonu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek \u015fekilde kurulmaktad\u0131r. Bu yeni yap\u0131daki kooperatifler, geleneksel kooperatiflerden ay\u0131rt etmek amac\u0131 ile yeni nesil kooperatif olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.<br>Yeni tar\u0131m kooperatifleri do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 koruma \u00e7abalar\u0131, yerel \u00fcretimi koruyarak topluluklar\u0131 destekleme gibi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 oda\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirirler. Yeni t\u00fcketim kooperatiflerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, kimyasallar i\u00e7ermeyen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin t\u00fcm gelir gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u2018Yenilenebilir Enerji Kooperatifleri\u2019 \u2018Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Geli\u015ftirme Kooperatifleri ve \u2018E\u011fitim Kooperatifleri\u2019 dikkat \u00e7eken yeni nesil kooperatifleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<br>Son y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan ekonomik, demografik, teknolojik ve \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fimler kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fi de birebir etkilemektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kooperatif\u00e7ilik sadece ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n memnuniyetini hedeflememekte daha geni\u015f olarak toplumla birlikte \u00e7evrede sosyal \u2013 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel &#8211; ekonomik refah hedeflemek durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Murat K\u00d6YS\u00dcREN<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahilik<br>https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article-file\/393116#:~:text=Kapitalistlere%20kar%C5%9F%C4%B1%20ekonomik%20a%C3%A7%C4%B1dan%20kendilerini,ve%20d%C3%BCnyada%20kooperatif%C3%A7ilik%20hareketi%20ba%C5%9Flam%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r.<br>https:\/\/ticaret.gov.tr\/kooperatifcilik\/kooperatifler-hakkinda-bilgiler\/tarihce<br>https:\/\/acikbilim.yok.gov.tr\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.12812\/425325\/yokAcikBilim_10308947.pdf?sequence=-1&amp;isAllowed=y<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsano\u011flu yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 gere\u011fi sosyal bir varl\u0131k. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n kendi ba\u015f\u0131na hayat\u0131n\u0131 idame etmesi, t\u00fcm ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131, neslini devam ettirmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bir gruba dahil olmak, anlamak-anla\u015f\u0131lmak, \u00f6\u011frenmek-geli\u015fmek gibi isteklerinin de temel ihtiya\u00e7lardan oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte.Tarihte ilk insanlardan itibaren birlikte ya\u015fama, bir toplum olu\u015fturma e\u011filimi vard\u0131r. Bu birlikte ya\u015fama d\u00fczenini kurarken,\u00a0 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin de\u00a0 temelleri olan \u00a0yard\u0131mla\u015fma, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":244,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-42","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-yazilar"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":242,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42\/revisions\/242"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/koopkuder.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}